PR: Dear Mr. Li, let me thank you for this opportunity to ask you some questions about your work and the process of designing a lens.
But first we would like to learn a bit more about you. Can you tell us a little bit about your background and your position at Laowa?

Mr. Li: Thanks for your interest in Laowa! I graduated in Opto-Electronic engineering from the Beijing Institute of Technology. Since graduating, my career has been in lens design. I have worked designing lenses for consumer cameras, video cameras and cinematic cameras, as well as industrial optics for applications such as medical, security, smartphones and VR.

My principal focus, though, has been on lenses for photographic cameras, of the kind that mainstream photographers use on their cameras today. When designing DSLR lenses, most of my work has been on complex zoom lenses covering the entire gamut from ultra wide, through standard and tele, to high magnification lenses.

Working in a large company on zoom lenses was, inevitably, a little restricted, so I was unable to pursue my own projects and passions. This meant that at one point I lost some of the passion and motivation for research and development. In response to this I got together with some photographers and colleagues in the industry and started designing some interesting and exciting lenses that we felt photographers would enjoy more than the standard fare offered by many of the big companies. So as you know I’m now an optical lens designer in the Laowa team and instead of just giving instructions to a team – as I did before – I am now more involved in the actual design process.

PR: We think your Laowa 15mm 2.0 Zero-D FE is a very interesting and versatile ultra wide angle lens with a unique focal length and maximum aperture combination, so we would like to know more about the process of designing this lens. It is Laowa’s first mirrorless design (together with the mFT 7.5mm 2.0), was the filter stack in front of the Sony sensor an issue or easily accounted for in the optical design?

Mr. Li: I’m very glad you are interested in the Laowa 15mm 2.0 Zero-D FE. As you know, the Sony mirrorless camera bodies are extraordinarily convenient and compact. But the same cannot be said of most existing wide-angle lenses, which are huge and heavy. It takes away from the convenience of the Sony bodies. And in shooting landscape, it’s not usually possible to use filters with any ease on these large wide angle lens. Another issue which typical wide angle lenses have is that they display levels of distortion which result in extra work in post-production, especially when shooting architecture. My goal was thus to produce a small lens, which could accept screw-on filters, and has very low native distortion.

Taking advantage of the design possibilities of the short flange focal distance of mirrorless cameras, I was able to restructure the entire design, getting rid of the conventional design concepts of wide angle lenses for DSLRs.

I designed the lens with a reasonable focal length ratio of front and rear lenses, and deployed 2 aspherical elements and 3 extra low dispersion elements. The final result was a very small and lightweight 15mm f/2.0 ultra wide angle lens, on which you can use 72mm screw-in filters, that has close to zero distortion and is very fast. I think it will bring both, convenience and performance, to many photographers.

You mentioned the problem of the cover glass in front of Sony sensors. Actually this is not difficult to deal with at all if you consider it during the design process. But of course if you use a lens designed for the Sony cover-glass on other cameras results may not be so good. The cover filters in many brands vary considerably, and when using lenses not designed for a specific brand, field curvature and chromatic aberration on the edges will appear. This is especially true for wide-angle lenses with a small exit pupil and a large exit angle.

PR: While many other lens makers seem to solely rely on correcting geometrical distortion (amongst other aberrations) in post processing, your 15mm 2.0 is part of Laowa’s “Zero-D” line of ultra wide angle lenses with very low geometrical distortion. To be honest I was quite surprised to see this, so why did you choose to do the opposite of what most other manufacturers are doing here?

Mr. Li: As you can see, Laowa lenses are unique in the market, in this respect and others. We want to be unique because this is our mission. Exploring wider scopes and solving new challenges so as to provide more pleasure for photographers is the motivation for us to develop new products, instead of simply making lenses similar to those already in the market. If everyone lowers the quality and reduces the price to survive in this market, eventually there will be no more creative products in the photographic industry. Photographers will not be interested in creating new work due to the lack of creative lenses. Our 15mm 2.0 reflects this design concept.

Not only have we achieved an incomparably small size, but also reached a new level of geometric correction (near zero distortion) and speed that no other manufacturer has ever managed at this focal length. This is what we call ‘uniqueness’.

PR: While being limited to a few special lenses 40 years ago aspherical elements are now pretty common in most lenses with focal lengths up to 85mm. Often these aspherical elements have a detrimental influence on the bokeh rendering of the lens and lead to “onion ring” like patterns in out of focus highlights. Could you tell us why this is barely a problem with your 15mm 2.0 despite it using 2 aspherical elements?

Mr. Li: “Onion Rings” are caused by rough surfaces on aspherical elements. The smoothness and cleanliness of the surface of these elements determines the degree to which you will see onion rings. Another factor which affects the degree to which we will see onion rings is the positioning of aspherical elements in the optical system. We have dealt with both factors in designing the 15mm 2.0, and so have successfully avoided this issue.

PR: Zeiss with their Otus series and Sigma with their Art lenses started a trend in the industry to produce huge and heavy lenses with many elements to provide best possible image quality already at a very fast maximum aperture. What compromises did you have to make to keep the 15mm 2.0 as compact as we know it?

Mr. Li: Optical design is an art of balance. It is also an art which requires us to comprehensively consider a huge range of issues. In some ways it  is like a tug of war: If the contestants line up in an orderly fashion according to heights, so as to allow the force to accumulate linearly when they pull the rope at the same time, the greatest possible force will be created rapidly. If not, no matter how many people you have, it will be far less effective.

Here’s how the analogy  applies to optical design: a lot of optical structures are very complicated and have a high surface curvature. As the light passes through a lens element with such a high curvature, it creates a large range of optical aberrations like chromatic aberrations, spherical aberration, coma and so on. How can we deal with these aberrations?  In order to neutralise them, we have to introduce elements with the opposite aberration. Therefore, more elements are needed to enable correction. As we add more and more elements, the camera lens will become big and heavy. Then we will have a lens where not only is the production complicated and difficult, the cost will also be very high. Our Laowa 15mm 2.0 FE Zero-D has the fastest aperture, smallest size and the least distortion among comparable lenses in the market. Its performance is outstanding. The reason why we can make the size so small is because we make full use of every element, as well as taking advantage of the short flange focal distance of mirrorless cameras.  To the extent that if there is any compromise, I think it is on peripheral illumination and chromatic aberration, which are on par with similar lenses in the market.

PR: There are now several websites conducting more or less sophisticated measurements of lenses and  then coming up with a rating of some sort. Personally I think those tests rarely reflect the actual quality of a lens and are often performed at too short distances. Still, many people use these ratings and tests to base their buying decisions on. Do you have a look at the tests of your lenses and are those tests something you already think about when designing a lens?

Mr. Li: Yes, a lot of reviewers are testing lenses in the laboratory. But the equipment and methods they are using are generally protocols designed for the evaluation of older, less demanding optics. However, many modern lenses now being produced feature much wider angles of view and much higher resolution. By using those older protocols, tests make them seem to have much poorer performance than they really do. This is because these lenses are designed for  best performance at the most common shooting distances. For instance, with wide angle lenses, we would concentrate on  infinity for landscape pictures,  and distances of at least several metres for architecture. Therefore, we have to ensure a good performance from at least 1m distance and out to infinity. Since the angle of view is very large, at subject distance shorter than 1m, we will get extremely high field curvature. Thus the edge performance will drop significantly if the lens is focussed centrally at these short distances. The problem arises in laboratory tests when a chart is used to test resolution. With a wide angle lens, in order to capture an image of the whole chart, the shooting distance must be very short. Maybe it is just 60-80cm away from the lens. Most ultra-wide angle lenses have their worst performance within this distance. But in fact it is uncommon to take shots this close in real life while using an ultra-wide angle lens. So if we test the performance of a lens using these protocols, the result will be very inaccurate. I have seen some websites showing some bad test results for an ultra-wide angle lens, but  giving sample landscape and architecture photos taken with the lens which are excellent. I think this explains why these tests can be so inaccurate.

PR: Some of our readers hoped for a perfect correction of coma with the 15mm 2.0. What would have been the consequences had you decided to design it that way? Is it even possible with this focal length/aperture combination?

Mr. Li: It is true that 15mm 2.0 has slight coma aberration. To be exact, it is a mixture of slight  astigmatism and true coma aberration. The appearance of coma is also caused by mechanical vignetting. To solve this problem, the size of the elements would have to be appropriately increased and more elements  added in order to make point spreads less pronounced and more symmetrical on the edge. This would reduce the astigmatism and coma. The focal length and aperture combination of 15mm and f/2.0 could, of course, be done even better. But then the cost would be higher and the volume and weight would have to be greater. So the current design is a result of balancing various criteria.

PR: What do you think about the future of lens design? Will we see more lenses using e.g. Phase Fresnel elements or other technologies I may have never heard of?

Mr. Li: As the materials used in optical glass have improved, and machining technology has been more refined, the degree of freedom in optical design has become much higher. It is certain that more and more excellent, small and practical lenses will be designed and produced. The technology of Phase Fresnel elements you have just mentioned is one of these new technologies that may make for better, smaller lenses. This is because the dispersion of Phase Fresnel lenses is opposite to the dispersion of refractive glass elements. They are also very light, which is very helpful in reducing the weight, and controlling chromatic aberrations. But they also have their disadvantages. For example, it is very easy to create stray light which lowers contrast, and lowers transmission. Phase Fresnel lenses are only applicable to telephoto lenses at this moment. The angle of a wide-angled lens is large whilst the light beam is narrow, so Phase Fresnel technology is not ideally suited to wide-angled lenses yet.

PR: As far as I know in the past you have mainly designed “mainstream” zoom lenses with autofocus and image stabilization, but now you are designing rather specialized manual focus prime lenses with a huge emphasize not only on image quality but also on build quality. To me this seems to be quite a change of heart. Do you have more freedom at Laowa now to design the lenses you want to realize?

Mr. Li: Yes. As I mentioned before, our team’s mission is to strive out best to broaden the scope of photographic options, and increase the pleasure of shooting.  The freer the thinking, the more the innovation.

PR: Is there still a lens you would love to make, but so far you couldn’t? What would it be and what is keeping you from producing it?

Mr. Li: There are a lot of lenses that I want to design. However, our team is not mature enough yet. We need more mechanical designers and electronics development talents to join us. All this will take time, but I believe it will happen one day.

One more thing, I wanted to tell you is where our brand name ‘LAOWA’ comes from. ‘LAOWA’ means old frog in Chinese. There is an idiom in Chinese which goes ‘Old frog inside the well’. It is a metaphor for people with a lack of knowledge, because they only know the world through the well, which is very small. I would say I am similar in some respects, in that I only understand the territory of optical design. However, the frog can see the sky when he looks up out of the well: and what I am looking at is the sky. My dream is of the sky. We never give up. We never compromise. I am sure more people like me will join us and when we put our dreams together, that will be the sky. This is also the reason why we use the term ‘Dreamer’ in our lens nomenclature.

PR: And a final question: Do you use the lenses you have designed yourself? And if so, what is your favorite lens and what do you use it for?

Mr. Li: I also use the lenses I designed. I used to love telezoom lenses but now I love macro lenses more, to capture the microscopic world. Seeing the world from a bug’s perspective is fascinating. At the same time, it helps me realise that this world does not belong only to humans. Humanity, rather, belongs to nature.

PR: Thank you very much for taking the time to answer our questions.

Mr. Li: You are welcome. I hope we have more chances to exchange ideas in the future.

Further Reading

• Review: Laowa 15mm 2.0 FE Zero-D
• Review: Laowa 12mm 2.8 Zero-D
• Review: Laowa 105mm 2.0 STF

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BastianK

My name is Bastian and I am your expert here when it comes to ultra wide angle lenses, super fast portrait lenses (ranging from a 50mm f/0.95 to a 200mm f/1.8) and I also have reviewed way too many 35mm lenses. Don't ask me anything about macro or wildlife shooting though.

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